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- /*
- * Copyright (c) 1985 Regents of the University of California.
- * All rights reserved.
- *
- * Redistribution and use in source and binary forms are permitted
- * provided that this notice is preserved and that due credit is given
- * to the University of California at Berkeley. The name of the University
- * may not be used to endorse or promote products derived from this
- * software without specific prior written permission. This software
- * is provided ``as is'' without express or implied warranty.
- *
- * All recipients should regard themselves as participants in an ongoing
- * research project and hence should feel obligated to report their
- * experiences (good or bad) with these elementary function codes, using
- * the sendbug(8) program, to the authors.
- */
-
- #ifndef lint
- static char sccsid[] = "@(#)exp__E.c 5.2 (Berkeley) 4/29/88";
- #endif /* not lint */
-
- /* exp__E(x,c)
- * ASSUMPTION: c << x SO THAT fl(x+c)=x.
- * (c is the correction term for x)
- * exp__E RETURNS
- *
- * / exp(x+c) - 1 - x , 1E-19 < |x| < .3465736
- * exp__E(x,c) = |
- * \ 0 , |x| < 1E-19.
- *
- * DOUBLE PRECISION (IEEE 53 bits, VAX D FORMAT 56 BITS)
- * KERNEL FUNCTION OF EXP, EXPM1, POW FUNCTIONS
- * CODED IN C BY K.C. NG, 1/31/85;
- * REVISED BY K.C. NG on 3/16/85, 4/16/85.
- *
- * Required system supported function:
- * copysign(x,y)
- *
- * Method:
- * 1. Rational approximation. Let r=x+c.
- * Based on
- * 2 * sinh(r/2)
- * exp(r) - 1 = ---------------------- ,
- * cosh(r/2) - sinh(r/2)
- * exp__E(r) is computed using
- * x*x (x/2)*W - ( Q - ( 2*P + x*P ) )
- * --- + (c + x*[---------------------------------- + c ])
- * 2 1 - W
- * where P := p1*x^2 + p2*x^4,
- * Q := q1*x^2 + q2*x^4 (for 56 bits precision, add q3*x^6)
- * W := x/2-(Q-x*P),
- *
- * (See the listing below for the values of p1,p2,q1,q2,q3. The poly-
- * nomials P and Q may be regarded as the approximations to sinh
- * and cosh :
- * sinh(r/2) = r/2 + r * P , cosh(r/2) = 1 + Q . )
- *
- * The coefficients were obtained by a special Remez algorithm.
- *
- * Approximation error:
- *
- * | exp(x) - 1 | 2**(-57), (IEEE double)
- * | ------------ - (exp__E(x,0)+x)/x | <=
- * | x | 2**(-69). (VAX D)
- *
- * Constants:
- * The hexadecimal values are the intended ones for the following constants.
- * The decimal values may be used, provided that the compiler will convert
- * from decimal to binary accurately enough to produce the hexadecimal values
- * shown.
- */
-
- #if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) /* VAX D format */
- #ifdef vax
- #define _0x(A,B) 0x/**/A/**/B
- #else /* vax */
- #define _0x(A,B) 0x/**/B/**/A
- #endif /* vax */
- /* static double */
- /* p1 = 1.5150724356786683059E-2 , Hex 2^ -6 * .F83ABE67E1066A */
- /* p2 = 6.3112487873718332688E-5 , Hex 2^-13 * .845B4248CD0173 */
- /* q1 = 1.1363478204690669916E-1 , Hex 2^ -3 * .E8B95A44A2EC45 */
- /* q2 = 1.2624568129896839182E-3 , Hex 2^ -9 * .A5790572E4F5E7 */
- /* q3 = 1.5021856115869022674E-6 ; Hex 2^-19 * .C99EB4604AC395 */
- static long p1x[] = { _0x(3abe,3d78), _0x(066a,67e1)};
- static long p2x[] = { _0x(5b42,3984), _0x(0173,48cd)};
- static long q1x[] = { _0x(b95a,3ee8), _0x(ec45,44a2)};
- static long q2x[] = { _0x(7905,3ba5), _0x(f5e7,72e4)};
- static long q3x[] = { _0x(9eb4,36c9), _0x(c395,604a)};
- #define p1 (*(double*)p1x)
- #define p2 (*(double*)p2x)
- #define q1 (*(double*)q1x)
- #define q2 (*(double*)q2x)
- #define q3 (*(double*)q3x)
- #else /* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
- static double
- p1 = 1.3887401997267371720E-2 , /*Hex 2^ -7 * 1.C70FF8B3CC2CF */
- p2 = 3.3044019718331897649E-5 , /*Hex 2^-15 * 1.15317DF4526C4 */
- q1 = 1.1110813732786649355E-1 , /*Hex 2^ -4 * 1.C719538248597 */
- q2 = 9.9176615021572857300E-4 ; /*Hex 2^-10 * 1.03FC4CB8C98E8 */
- #endif /* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
-
- double exp__E(x,c)
- double x,c;
- {
- static double zero=0.0, one=1.0, half=1.0/2.0, small=1.0E-19;
- double copysign(),z,p,q,xp,xh,w;
- if(copysign(x,one)>small) {
- z = x*x ;
- p = z*( p1 +z* p2 );
- #if defined(vax)||defined(tahoe)
- q = z*( q1 +z*( q2 +z* q3 ));
- #else /* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
- q = z*( q1 +z* q2 );
- #endif /* defined(vax)||defined(tahoe) */
- xp= x*p ;
- xh= x*half ;
- w = xh-(q-xp) ;
- p = p+p;
- c += x*((xh*w-(q-(p+xp)))/(one-w)+c);
- return(z*half+c);
- }
- /* end of |x| > small */
-
- else {
- if(x!=zero) one+small; /* raise the inexact flag */
- return(copysign(zero,x));
- }
- }
-